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Carla Zelmer began her studies in Jan. 1997 as a student in the Dept. of Botany, University of Guelph, Ontario. Her thesis work concerns the root-associated organisms of the slipper orchids (Cypripedium, Phragmipedium and Paphiopedilum) and their effects on sterilely-raised seedlings. Supervisor: Dr. R. L. Peterson. Carla's presentation at the WOC is titled "Unflasking orchids - do sterile seedlings benefit from inoculation with "helper" organisms?" and is scheduled for Friday, April 30 at 2:55-3:30 pm.
Miguel Angel Soto Arenas began his studies with the Institute of Ecology, UNAM in 1996. His thesis work on the Evolution of Vanilla includes phylogeny and biogeography. Supervisor: Dr. Elena Alvarez-Buylla, Lab. Genetica Molecular y Evolucion, UNAM). Miguel will discuss the "Conservation of the Genetic Resources of Vanilla" on Saturday, May 1 at 11:35-12:10 pm. The abstract is found on Page 6.
Hails from: Edmonton, Alberta
Profession: Horticulturalist "Growing plants has always been my passion."
Vital Stats: Two children, 3 grand children and 2 yellow retrievers. An accomplished photographer is his wife, Janet, who takes all his pictures, especially of wild orchids which he admires and wishes to conserve.
Member: The Orchid Species Preservation Foundation of Alberta; Past-President, Orchid Society of Alberta; and past Vice-President, COC.
Recent Accomplishment: `The New Grower's Guide to Orchids', a 48-page book about orchid culture. A book on pests and diseases is in the pipeline.
Began growing orchids: By accident. During one of his many annual Florida business trips, he dropped into a nursery and happened to buy a plant which later proved to be Epidendrum stamfordianum. "Once I flowered the plant, I went to a show then went to my first orchid meeting. That was 15 years ago and the collection now numbers 5000 plants." From his book: "Once you have grown an orchid and had it flower, you will be under its spell. You will find that you can't stop at one or two, there will always be room for just one more. Before long you'll be addicted (or you may be already). If only there was an Orchids Anonymous!"
Favorite Orchid in my collection: Lc. Dubescens `Maui Maid' because the colour is pure, white, with just a touch of pink in the lip.
Real Passion: Collecting Oncidium species.
Hybrization interests: Over 25 crosses registered to date including Phal. Solar Halo, Dtps. Distant Galaxy, Phal Galactic Frost, Phal. Solar Cluster, Pot. Lunar Sunset, Pot. Solar Green, Pot. Snow Comet. He first began working with Phals, hybridizing for yellows and greens. Now he is interested in developing mini-catts in the same colour range. His favourite parent is Pot. Beaufort Gold, using it as a seed parent with large standard cattleyas. "It gives compact, yellow-flowered and red-lipped offspring." Using the same Pot. Beaufort Gold as a pollen parent with Blc. Ports of Paradise, he has registered Pot. Solar Green. Two plants of hybrid Pot. Janet Elizabeth, `Firedancer' AM/AOS and `Sunsprite' HCC/AOS, have been recently awarded. Gordon really likes pure colours, yellow, green, even white. look for more glactically inspired hybrids in the future.
My views on conservation: I am more and more involved with the Orchid Species Preservation Foundation and have recently developed guidelines for the Foundation regarding propagation by seed and tissue culture. "Preservation and perpetuation of species is important to maintain the gene pool. We have to be able to maintain species that we already have in cultivation. If we lose a species, it is very serious."
Hobby: gardening, especially perennials, and gathering interesting rocks. "I never pass a rock pile without checking out the rocks."
Janette Richardson, 38 Straub Crescent, Regina SK S4T 6S6
Jeanette Arthurs, Chairman , Charitable Status Committee.
prepared by Judy Browne, Secretary, COC
Committee Reports:
Minutes: The minutes of the last meeting of the Canadian Orchid Congress (COC), held May 4,1997 in Regina, Saskatchewan, were accepted as circulated to the member societies by Janette Richardson.
President's Report: Jeanette Arthurs thanked the ECOS for hosting the COC. She also thanked the members of the board for their work. Jeanette reported that the COC had twenty-five paid up member societies. She also reminded the COC reps that it is important to keep the COC informed of any changes of executive and/or COC rep for their local societies, and any new addresses.
Vice-President's Report: There was no vice-president's report.
Treasurer's Report: Janette Richardson was unable to attend, but she sent along a financial report that was circulated. The financial report was accepted as circulated.
Secretary's Report: Judy Browne had nothing to report.
Conservation Report: Marilyn Light tabled the 1998 annual report of the Conservation Committee. The report outlined activity in several areas including: 1) the support of conservation efforts of member societies of the COC: 2) representation of the COC at consultation meetings with Environment Canada; 3) the ongoing collection of habitat data and photographic slides of native orchids towards development of slide programs for member societies; 4) developing an international, World Wide Web-based, monthly discussion on topics on orchid conservation in collaboration with OrchidSafari; and 5) international collaboration to avert smuggling of wild collected orchids into Canada. Marilyn produced and donated to the COC a booklet called "Discussion Topics in Orchid Conservation" which was to be given to member societies to be used by these societies to spark discussion on the topic. There were no submissions to the Conservation Award contest for 1998, but she urged societies to participate in the poster presentation at the World Orchid Congress (WOC), as these would be considered for the 1999 Conservation Award.
Newsletter: Malcolm Adams has resigned as newsletter editor. We are all indebted to Malcolm for his commitment and hard work. Thank-you to Jerry Bolce for taking on that commitment and giving Malcolm a chance to retire.
Awards: Ken Girard informed us that there were enough medals to fulfill requests for possibly two years. Mounting the medals and mailing were discussed.
New Business:
Speaker's Tours: Landis Stanlake resigned as co-ordinator of the COC Speaker's Tour. Problems with the tour and a possible new focus were discussed. It was decided to keep the Speaker's Tour Committee open and active and reassess the whole situation in the future.
Charitable Status: After lengthy discussion, it was decided that Jeanette Arthurs head up a committee with a budget of $500.00 to investigate the feasibility of obtaining charitable status for the COC.
Web Page: It was decided that the COC look into having an independent web site.
Newsletter: Several suggestions were made about improving the newsletter with respect to getting more society information into the newsletter. These were to be directed to Jerry Bolce. Reps were asked to direct any other suggestions for improvement directly to Jerry.
COC Meeting at WOC: It was decided that the published meeting date of Sunday, May 2 at 9:30 would stand.
Upcoming Meetings of the COC:
WOC: Eleanor Holwerda distributed packets of information about the WOC that she urged reps to share with their societies. Benefits of attending, cost of the conference, and advertising were discussed. Eleanor urged people to check the WOC website (http://www.hedgerows.com/WOC99) for updated information on the WOC. It was commented that the WOC is one of the greatest services to hobbyists with so much information available in one place.
Elections:
The newly elected executive are:
Education: Ken Girard agreed to stay on as Education chair. The COC decided to support the production of a number of slide programs on species and culture which would be available for societies to borrow for use at their meetings. Ken Girard was given a budget for printing of his book on Phragmipediums. This cost who be recouped through sales of the book.
Special request from the WOC: James Biro brought a request for funding support to be used to bring lecturers to the WOC who were not able to attend because of monetary considerations. A motion was passed by the COC to provide funds ($1000.00 from the reserve) to assist in bringing a speaker of the COC's choice to the WOC, with the understanding that:
1) there would be recognition of the COC's sponsorship in printed matter and
2) that the COC would have the right to use the printed material that will appear in the proceedings.
Les Orchidophiles de Montreal: Nancy Tozer spoke to the meeting on behalf of Les Orchidophiles de Montreal in response to a letter sent by Jeanette Arthurs inviting this group to become members of the COC. Marilyn Light will reply to their concerns.
Budget: A budget of $4200.00 was approved for the coming year. This did not include the grant to the WOC.
Communication: Marilyn Light proposed having regional meetings to improve COC communication and to address regional issues. These meetings could be tied to a talk given to a society. Several issues pertaining to this topic were discussed.
The meeting was adjourned.
How long have you been involved in growing orchids and setting up orchid displays?
I've been growing orchids for 18 years and setting up displays for about 17 years.
Tell us a little about the number of displays you've set up over the years and how you've done in AOS Show trophy competition?
Generally, I've set up 4 or 5 displays per year. It was 6 or 7 years before I won my first AOS Show trophy, so I'd set up at least 30 displays before winning my first one. Since then I've won about 30 AOS Show trophies.
When do you start planning your display?
That depends on the type of display. If I'm setting up a Society Display, I collect plants on the Wednesday before the show so I can see the types and sizes of plants that will be in the display, decide on the props to use, fill out entry tags, and make up labels. If I am setting up my own display, I may start 2 to 3 weeks before the show, screening and preparing my plants. One week before the show, I decide on the size of the display based on the number and types of plants that will be available. Specimen plants and tall plants require more work to achieve good balance and to establish a focal point. You want to make sure that a specimen plant does not overpower the rest of the display, especially in a 25sq. ft. display. Too much impact from a single specimen plant or a couple of specimen plants can overpower a display. Tall plants can cause balance problems in a display. If I have many tall plants, I choose natural wood props that are tall to complement the plants and some shorter wood pieces to work in the smaller plants. Depending on the height of the plants, I decide if I am going to use my short, round, black tables or if I will be building the display on the floor and I pick my natural wood props. I try to visualize where I will place the props and the plants. When I arrive at the show, I set up the props and begin to place the plants were I imagined they should be in the display. It doesn't always work out exactly the way I've planned, so I may have to manoeuvre the plants to work them into the right position.
Most of your displays that I have seen are island displays, do you agree with the assertion that island displays are harder to design?
Like most people, I started with wall displays against a black curtain backdrop or corner displays. I was worried that my first island display wouldn't work, but now that I've been building them for awhile, I find them much easier to design. Wall displays are limited, you can only view them straight on, so plants are often set up in rows. It's also harder to achieve height in a display limited by a backdrop. It is much easier to work many high impact plants into an island display because you have 360 degrees to work with, providing different views as you walk around the island.
Do you think it is harder to do a society or an individual display?
Doing a society display is much harder. You take and put in the plants that you get from your members. You don't want to leave out someone's first submission or favorite plant. Using average plants in your display always reduces your chances of winning the AOS Show Trophy.
What elements do you think are most important in designing an AOS Show Trophy winning display?
Number one, is quality plants. High quality plants may carry a mediocre design, but single flowered Phalaenopsis or poor quality plants will kill your chances. Second is a good mix of foliage plants and natural wood props. Props and foliage must complement, not overpower the display by blending the materials together. I do not use other types of props, that's for artists and I'm not an artist. I also think it is inappropriate to use props that identify the exhibitor, it's best to keep things anonymous. It's important to create interesting spaces, openings, caves, holes, that complement flow and give resting places for the eye. Color flow is not as important in an island display. The use of contrasting colors can add a striking visual impact compared to grouping single colors together. You don't want your display to look like a little group of yellows here and pinks over there. Its also important in an island display to be able to look through the display without distraction. The through view can affect your visual effect. Finally, don't overlook labels. They count for ten points. The size and color of labels should complement the display, they should not be distracting. Labels must be legible, but I personally hate machine labels that you tape on colored backgrounds. They look manufactured and are often shiny. I prefer hand printed labels that are readable. Once, I used what I thought were very attractive sky blue labels and it cost me the show trophy. One of the judges told me to step back and look at my display - all you saw were the blue labels. They even stuck out more in a photo that showed how they destroyed an otherwise excellent display.
Any final suggestions?
Go to as many shows as you can. Critically look at the exhibits that win AOS Show Trophies and compare them to your exhibit. Talk to the people who have set them up. In our region, Terry Kennedy has also won many show trophies over the years which has led to interesting competition. Don't be afraid to ask judges for a critique of your display. Ask what's right and what's wrong with your display. Some judges might not feel comfortable in providing a critique: but others will give you their impressions to help you build better displays in the future. Ask more than one judge, you will get different opinions. This is especially true of judges from different regions where they may view things very differently, especially the use of props and themes.
Mario Ferrusi is a Judge at the Toronto Judging Center
Zelmer, C. D., R. L. Peterson, and J. F. Gerrath
Dept. of Botany, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
N1G 2W1
The removal of sterile-cultured orchid seedlings to greenhouse conditions (unflasking) often results in seedling mortality. Introductions of root-associated 'helper' organisms, such as selected bacteria, fungi or algae have been useful in improving the performance of other cultivated plants, and may be important to orchids as well. This paper reports the localization, isolation, culture, characterization and symbiotic testing of organisms associated with the roots of Lady Slipper orchid (Cypripedium) species from the wild. Fungi, bacteria, and algae isolated from wild-collected root pieces of four Cypripedium species native to Ontario and Manitoba were cultured for identification. Selected strains were tested (alone or in combination with other organisms) for their effects on newly-unflasked Cypripedium reginae seedlings. Light, laser scanning confocal, and transmission electron microscopy were used to localize organisms in and on the root surfaces.
The only orchid of economic importance, other than ornamental, is Vanilla. Although Vanilla tahitiensis and V. pompona are grown in some scale, the majority of commercial vanilla comes from V. planifolia. Vanilla planifolia is probably endemic to the evergreen tropical forests of eastern Mexico, and the Caribbean watershed of Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. Wild specimens of V. planifolia are severely threatened in Mexico, where no more than 30 specimens have been located. There are no recent records from the other countries. Vanilla planifolia has hyperdispersed populations, with less than 1 plant/km. Pollination is carried out by Euglossine bees (Euglossa viridissima), and it involves a deception mechanism. Perhaps there are not large enough tracts of rainforest with viable V. planifolia populations to secure in situ conservation of this species.
Vanilla planifolia is a crop little different from the wild progenitors. This can be attributed to a limited breeding and a recent domestication. In Mexico there are two areas in which V. planifolia is grown in some extent, northern Veracruz, and northern Oaxaca. Plantations of northern Veracruz are ancient and the source of the majority of vanilla produced in Mexico, no wild populations are known in this area. Plantations in Oaxaca were established by the end of the 1980s from wild specimens from the region. Cultivars in V. planifolia (like the widely cultivated Mansa) may be an spontaneous wild specimen brought to cultivation by Totonaco Indians. Only two other cultivars are recognized by growers in the traditional plantations of northern Veracruz, one of them self-incompatible. All these data suggest that the primary gene pool of this crop maybe severely threatened by demographic causes in wild populations and by genetic erosion in plantations. To evaluate this hypothesis we analyzed electrophoretic data of specimens from the plantations of northern Veracruz, from Oaxaca, and few others from elsewhere. The allozyme data show overall little genetic variation, large differentiation among plants from the two main areas, Veracruz and Oaxaca, an excess of homozygotes in Veraruz, and larger genotypic diversity and heterozygosity in Oaxaca. We also have detected nucleotide sequence variation within introns of a couple of specific protein-coding genes, namely the Calmodulin and the Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in order to propose genealogies of V. planifolia. At present we have found enough variation that permits us to use these genomic regions as molecular markers for the recognition of the different cultivars and Oaxacan specimens. Since the primary gene pool is evidently threatened, the secondary gene pool, that is, the close relatives of V. planifolia, becomes more important as a source of desirable traits to be incorporated in the crop.
A phylogenetic framework of the genus Vanilla permits us to recognize which species could be the most appropriate sources of the desired traits. It has been indicated that traits like self-pollination. root-rot resistance, ability to maintain higher fruit sets, and less dependence of flower induction to photoperiod, could be desirable characters in vanilla as a crop. All these traits are found in its near relatives. The germplasm of Vanilla planifolia is threatened by deforestation and overcollecting. Most genetic diversity, that found in the plantations of Oaxaca, is threatened by the bad management of plantations. The establishment of gene banks is extremely urgent for this orchid that represent an important source of foreign exchange for several tropical countries.
Miguel Angel Soto Arenas
Is your society on the web? It should be. The web is a good way of advertising your existance, what's happening and who to contact.
For a list of Canadian Orchid Societies and pointers to their web sites (if there is one) check:
http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Recreation/OrchidSNS/cocmemb.html
And two web sites that should be in your hotlist:
The Canadian Orchid Congress: http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/Recreation/OrchidSNS/coc.html
The American Orchid Society OrchidWeb: http://orchidweb.org/
http://www.hedgerows.com/WOC99/
Any Society that is attending should endeavor to bring a display, even if it just a small one. We would like to see as strong a Canadian presence as possible.
Elsie Bates, Ed. COS, PO Box 195, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 3Y5, 403-381-0555
Mike Miller, Ed. CVIOS, 980 Maple Lane, Parksville, BC, V9R 5Z2 mmiller@sd69.bc.ca
Nadine Kuiken, Ed. DTOS, PO Box 909, Blackfalds, AB, T0M 0J0
Malcolm Adams, Ed. ECOS, 699 rue Cardinal, St-Hilaire, QC, J3H 3Z5, 450-467-4795,madams@sympatico.ca
Bob Gustavson, Ed. FOS, PO Box 22111 Bankers Hall, Calgary, AB, T3P 4J5, 403-289-0657
Lynne Cassidy, Ed. FVOS, 16077 16th Avenue, Surrey, BC, V4A 1S3, 604-536-8185
Tony Capon, Ed. KOS, 5 Loradean Crescent, Kingston, ON, K7K 6X9, 613-545-9781, acapon@cgocable.net
Norman Frost, Ed. LOS, 6396 Riverside Drive, RR#1, Melbourne, ON, N0L 1T0, 519-289-5119
Benoit Landry, Ed. MOS, 305 Bedson Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3K 1R2, 204-888-4516, blandry@escape.ca
Lydia Stewart, Ed. NROS,5831 Murray St, Niagara Falls, ON, L2G 2J9, 905-354-4110
Eugene Banziger, Ed. OkaOS, 422 Okaview Road, Kelowna , BC, V1Y 7R3, 250-764-0221
Richard Sobkowicz, Ed. OOS, 13 Sandringham Crscent, Nepean, ON, K2J 2H9, 613-825-0827, sandring@fox.nstn.ca
Don & Elaine Royer, Ed. OSA, 85 Grandin Woods, St. Albert, AB, T8N 2Y4, 403-459-6532, droyer@telusplanet.net
Ruth Ann Moger, Ed. OSNS, Site 8, Box 2B, Comp. 8, Boutilier's Point, NS, B0J 1G0, 902-826-2060
Jean Ikeson, Ed. OSRBG, 2247 2nd Con. West, RR #1, Lynden, ON, L0R 1T0,519-647-3301, 76362.2401@compuserve.com
Shelley Halbert, Ed. ROS, 927 Harvest Street N, Regina, SK, S4R 8K8, 306-775-0710
Peter Poot, Ed. SOOS, PO Box 241, Goodwood, ON, L0C 1A0, 905-640-5643, sonja.poot@sympatico.net
Tom Mensink, Ed. SOS,
Laura Biro, Ed. VAN.OS, 12389 78th Avenue, Surrey, BC, V3W 6M6, 604-594-9609, lbiro@home.com
Ron Mason, Ed. VIC.OS, 4305 Cedar Hill Road, Victoria, BC, V8N 3C8, 250-721-3518, bearman@inetex.com
Onorio Farina, Ed WOS, 860 Hall Avenue, Windsor, ON, N9A 2M3, farina@sprint.ca
Wednesday, April 28
A Day of Conservation and Understanding
Chairperson: Peter Furniss, USA, / Eric Hagsater, Mexico
- Welcome from Peter Furniss / Wally Thomas
- An overview of orchids in the wild - recent status and threats - gone means forever! The role of IUCN - Phillip Cribb, Kew, UK
- The problems of ex-situ conservation - it is not easy! - Jim Ackerman, USA
- The role of societies and individuals in conservation. - Ned Nash, USA
Science for the Citizen Sessions
Chairpersons: Don Hermans, USA / Joyce Stewart, U.K.
- Understanding DNA - using gene transfer to make new orchids. It is coming soon. Such colours as you never dreamed possible! Rob Griesbach, USA
- How DNA analysis is changing how we think about the interrelationship between similar looking orchids. - Alex Pridgeon, U.K.
- Orchids from seed to flowering plant. - Yoneo Sagawa, USA
- Understanding viruses - what are they and what do they do? How are they transmitted and controlled? - Mark Elliott, USA
Science Conservation Sessions
Chairperson: Rapee Sagarik, Thailand
- The Stars of Africa --a new look at the genus Aerangis - Joyce Stewart, U.K.
- Orchid propagation. - Margaret Ramsay, Kew, U.K.
- Extinction models. - Harold Koopowitz, USA
- Genetic fingerprinting of orchids - Michael Fay, Kew, U.K.
- Orchid conservation initiatives in Southern China. - Lawrence Chau, Hong Kong
Thursday, April 29
Horticultural Sessions Odontoglossum Alliance
Chairpersons:Doug Kennedy, Terry Kennedy, Canada
- Endangered hybrids - Robert Hamilton, USA
- Odontoglossum "Taxonomically endangered" - Stig Dalstrom, Sweden
- Conservation in Columbia "Badnews" - Juan Phillipe Posada, Columbia
- Patterns of the equatorial Odontoglossum - Alex Hirtz, Ecuador
- Conservation - A working point of view - Sandro Cusi, Mexico
Chairpersons: Milton Carpenter, USA / Annette Bagby, Canada
- Lycastes - Henry Oakeley, U.K.
- Maxillaria - an overview of an extremely diverse Neotropical genus - Eric Christenson USA
- The new look Zygopedilum - Steve Monkhouse, Australia
- The subtribe Oncidianae "orchidaceae" in the Bolivian mountains - Roberto Vasquez Chavez, Bolivia
- Genetic relationship of Oncidium and Odontoglossum "Evidence from analysis of DNA sequences" - Mark Chase
Science Sessions Morphology/Anatomy
Chairpersons: Joseph Ardetti, USA / Will Rhodehamel
- Orchid embryology providing insights into evolution of orchids - Mark Clements, Australia
- By vitrification preservation of seeds of some Thai orchid species - Kanchit Thammasiri, Thailand
- Pollination ecology of South African orchids - Steve Johnson, South Africa
- Orchid seeds - simplicity begetting complexity - Mia Molvray, USA
- Orchid biogeography - Robert Dressler, USA
Chairpersons: Mark Elliott, Canada / Carol Baughman, USA
- Pollination of Paphiopedilum - Hans Banziger, Thailand
- Angraecoids and moth pollination - L. Anders Nilsson, Austria
- Computer Sessions
Friday, April30
Horticultural Sessions
Chairperson: Kaston
Phalaenopsis Alliance Sessions
- Development of white Phalaenopsis - Wen Huie Chen, Taiwan
- Development of yellow and novelties Phalaenopsis - George Vasquez, USA
- Development of red Phalaenopsis - Carlos Firghetti, USA
Chairpersons: Ernest Hetherington, USA / Phillipe Lecoufle, France
- Rupiculous Laelia - Francisco Miranda, Brazil
- Psychillis species - Marvin Ragen, USA
- Cattleyas and Laelias of Brazilian central plateau - Lou Menezes, Brazil
- Cattleya breeding in Japan - Munekazu Ejiri, Japan
- Cattleyas from A to Z - Carl Withner, USA
Horticulture Sessions
Chairpersons: Carmen Coll
- South African orchid species - Joan Elvin, South Africa
- Disa Round Table
- The promiscuous Vanda - Kiat Tan, Singapore Botanical Gardens
Chairpersons: Donna Craig, USA / James Biro, Canada
- New and rediscovered species of Stanhopea - Rudolf Jenny, Switzerland
- Orchid exploration in Madagascar - Johan Hermans, U.K.
- Photography - Johan Hermans, U.K., Henry Oakeley, U.K., Moises Behar, Columbia
- Closing ceremony
World Orchid Conference Lectures
Chairpersons: Jeanette Arthur, Canada
- Cypripedium - John Doherty, Canada
- Outline of successful conservation program - Darlene Driver, Canada
- Myccorhiza in Orchids - Carla Zelmer, Canada
- Native species and conservation needs of Indian orchid species
- Orchid conservation in Mexico - Dr. Eric Hagsater, Mexico
Chairpersons: Gerald McCraith / Marjorie Disher, Canada
- Miniature species - Darren Smedley, Australia
- Native Australian orchids, - David Banks, Australia
- Conservation prospects for orchids in China - Holger Perner, Germany
Science Sessions
Chairpersons: Alistair Morrison, U.K..
- Molecular systematics and general orchid classification - Mark Chase, U.K.
- Molecular systematics of the Laeliae - Casio van den Burg, U.K.
- Molecular systematics of the Vanilloideae - Ken Cameron, USA
- Spiranthoideae - Paul Kores, USA
Chairperson: Don Harquail, Canada
- Population ecology of Canadian orchids - Marilyn Light, Canada
- Forcing requirements of Phalaenopsis - Nean Lee, Taiwan
- Hybrid zones and specialtion by hybridization in European orchids - Walter Rossi, Italy
- Isozymes of Cypripedium - Martha Case, USA
Saturday, May 1
Horticultural Sessions
Chairpersons: Vanciane Dumont, Switzerland / Gerd Rolke, Germany
- Update on parvisepalous Paphiopedilum orchids - Norito Hasagawa, USA
- Complex Paphiopedilums - Paul Phillips, U.K.
- The Don Wimber Memorial Lecture - Alan Moon, Jersey
- Cymbidium ensifolum - Theresa Fung, USA
Chairpersons: Paula Keeler, USA
- Florence H. Wollward 1854-1936, artist? botanist? - Steve Mannings, U.K.
- Ecuadorian Pleurothallids and their habitats - Alex Hirtz, Ecuador
- Who is eating your Pleurothallid salad and what can be done about it? - Gerardus Staal, USA
- Closing ceremony
Fact Sheet: "Orchids as Gifts - Helpful Suggestions"
by Marilyn H.S. Light, Canadian Orchid Congress, Copyright 1999
http://www.orchidsafari.org/arch222.html
Societies are welcome to reproduce this fact sheet in black and white or in colour. Credits should appear where appropriate. Details about the discussion and pre-chat materials may be found at:
Orchid Conservation Series on Orchid Safari Part 18: Orchids as Gifts Moderator: Marilyn H.S. Light
WBS, Wed 9 Dec 98
http://www.orchidsafari.org/arch217.html
Pre-discussion Mailout:
"Orchids as Gifts", by Marilyn H.S. Light, Copyright 1998
http://www.orchidsafari.org/arch221.html